Bhutan: A Historical Journey Until 1907

Bhutan’s history is shaped by its rugged Himalayan landscape, Buddhist traditions, and strong leadership. 

Before its unification, the region was a collection of independent valleys ruled by local chieftains and warlords. 

 

Buddhism took root in Bhutan in the 8th century when Guru Padmasambhava, or Guru Rinpoche, is believed to have introduced the religion. He is credited with subduing local deities and establishing monasteries, including the legendary Tiger’s Nest (Paro Taktsang). 

 

Over the centuries, different Buddhist schools vied for influence, leading to internal conflicts. 

 

In the 17th century, Bhutan was unified under Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, a Tibetan lama who fled religious persecution. He established the Drukpa Kagyu school as the dominant Buddhist sect and introduced a dual system of governance—combining spiritual and secular leadership. 

 

Under his rule, Bhutan repelled multiple Tibetan invasions and developed a distinct national identity. He also built the iconic dzongs (fortress-monasteries), which still serve as administrative and religious centers. 

 

After Zhabdrung’s death, Bhutan faced political instability, with rival factions fighting for power. The British, expanding their influence in India, became involved in Bhutanese affairs during the 18th and 19th centuries.

 

The Duar War (1864–1865) between Bhutan and British India resulted in Bhutan ceding its southern territories in exchange for an annual subsidy. By the late 19th century, power struggles among regional governors led to the rise of Ugyen Wangchuck, the penlop (governor) of Trongsa. A skilled diplomat and military leader, he consolidated power and maintained strong ties with the British.

 

In 1907, he was unanimously elected as Bhutan’s first king, marking the beginning of the Wangchuck dynasty and a new era of stability. This pivotal moment laid the foundation for modern Bhutan, balancing tradition and governance while maintaining its sovereignty.